Reference Report for IND93037806
| Title: | Diel patterns of threecornered alfalfa hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae) nymphs on soybean. |
| Authors: | Spurgeon, D.W., Mueller, A.J. |
| Source: | J. Entomol. Sci. 1992, 27(4):325-336 |
| Abstract: | Diel patterns of intra- and inter-plant movement, vertical distribution, moulting, tending by ants and attrition of nymphs of Spissistilus festinus on soyabeans was investigated in field studies conducted in Arkansas from 1987 to 1989, by observing nymphs at 4-h intervals in 24-h observation sessions. Both intra-plant (defined in relation to main-stem nodes) and inter-plant movements occurred most often between 08.00 h and 12.00 h, and least often between 24.00 h and 04.00 h (CDT). Most (80.9%) intra-plant movements covered short distances (<4 nodes). The frequency of intra- and inter-plant movements usually increased with increasing age of nymphs. The periodicity of nymphal movement did not result in periodicity in vertical distribution. Most moults (85%) occurred between 04.00 h and 08.00 h, when daily high-leaf temperatures were ≥ 31.8°C, or between 08.00 h and 16.00 h (86%) when high-leaf temperatures were ≤30.1°C. The frequency of tending by ants [Formicidae] was reduced or absent at 12.00 h and 16.00 h at 2 sites, but periodicity at the other sites was not detected. Differences in tending among S. festinus instars were observed but trends were different among sites. Attrition (found dead, killed by predators or not located) of nymphs was greatest between 08.00 h and 20.00 h, and was least between 24.00 h and 04.00 h. The observed predation accounted for only 13% of the total attrition but underestimated actual predation |
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